The term “spalled” has recently joined the American lexicon to describe concrete, so don’t feel ignorant if you don’t know what it means.  Its original definition as a noun means “a small fragment or chip especially of stone” (www.merriam-webster.com).  Now, if you hear the word “spalled” to describe your exterior concrete, don’t ignore it – it means your concrete needs attended to … and the sooner the better!

Spalled concrete generally looks like the top coat of your concrete slab is missing.  You can see chips in the concrete as well as exposed aggregate (the gravel rock put into the concrete mixture when it was originally poured).  There will probably be a powdery residue around the spalled areas.  The more the concrete deteriorates from spalling, the more your concrete surface will look like someone dumped a bunch of fine gravel on it.  And once spalling starts, it degrades fast because the first line of defense – the top coat of the concrete – is now gone and water is getting underneath what’s left and wreaking havoc with your slab.  It’s only a matter of time before the entire top will break apart and degradation of your slab is accelerated.

Causes of spalling are numerous – bad mix design and improper finishing techniques at the time of the original pour are the most common culprits.  Use of deicing salts in the winter can aggravate a seemingly small spall problem and turn it into a big one.  Freeze/thaw cycles, which cause water in the concrete to expand creating pressure that breaks a weak top layer of concrete, exacerbates spalling.

Can spalled concrete be fixed without having to replace the entire slab?  Yes!  As long as it’s properly repaired before too much damage has been done.  If the slab has severely degraded, your only fix may be tearing it out and getting a new slab.  If you see signs of spalling, please give us a call.  We’re in the business of concrete repair and restoration and we can help!